Staged, not improvised

The ESETT trial showed levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, and valproate are equivalent as second-line agents, so the builder writes all three with the comorbidity that steers the choice, and it insists the second-line agent be given immediately rather than after a wait. For refractory status it writes intubation and a continuous anesthetic (midazolam or propofol) with early ketamine, the burst-suppression target and duration, and the wean under continuous EEG.

The lines residents forget at 3 a.m.

Thiamine before dextrose. Antiseizure-medication levels and a toxicology screen. Adding a maintenance agent with a different mechanism so the anesthetic can later be weaned onto something. Triglycerides, CK, and lactate on propofol. The benzodiazepine-trial approach to the ictal–interictal continuum so periodic discharges are not over-treated with anesthetics. Each is a generated line.

Non-convulsive status

If you mark the seizure type as non-convulsive, the builder still applies the same staged escalation but keeps the EEG-driven decisions front and center, since clinical signs are absent by definition.

Frequently asked questions

Where do the doses in this note come from?

From the American Epilepsy Society 2016 guideline and the ESETT trial for first- and second-line therapy, and from the Neurocritical Care Society guidance for anesthetic infusions. The builder computes weight-based doses only when you enter a weight and applies published maximums; the numbers are a documentation aid, not an order set.

When does the builder ask for continuous EEG?

Whenever the patient is not back to neurologic baseline within about an hour of clinical control, whenever an anesthetic infusion is running, and whenever the type is non-convulsive. Roughly a fifth to a half of patients have ongoing electrographic seizures after convulsions stop.

What is NORSE and why does the note mention it?

New-onset refractory status epilepticus without a clear cause. When you mark no prior epilepsy and an unknown or autoimmune etiology, the builder adds the autoimmune-encephalitis workup, imaging for occult tumor, and the early immunotherapy discussion recommended by consensus guidance.

References

  1. Glauser T, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults (AES). Epilepsy Curr. 2016;16:48–61.
  2. Kapur J, et al. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus (ESETT). N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2103–2113.
  3. Brophy GM, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus (NCS). Neurocrit Care. 2012;17:3–23.
  4. Wickstrom R, et al. International consensus recommendations for management of NORSE. Epilepsia. 2022;63:2827–2839.